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[إينكترمس] تعريفات - الأسس إلى المتقدّمة

[إينكترمس] تعريفات

[إينكترمس] (عبارات دوليّة تجاريّة) [سري] من [سل ترم] دوليّة [ويدلي وسد] طوال العالم. هم يعيّنون نقديّة صفقة ودور مسؤوليات ل كلا جوانب من الدوليّة يتاجر مشترية وبائعة صفقة. الغرض من يعاير [إينكترمس] أن يحدّد تصدير وإستيراد إجازة مسؤوليات, الذي يكون يمتلك الخطر للشرط من المنتوجات في كلّ مرحلة في النقل عملية, والذي يكون مسؤولة ل يدفع ل ماذا.

هنا القائمة نهائيّة من [إينكترمس] وتعريفات من ال [شمبر وف كمّرس] دوليّة أنّ أنت سوفت كنت [فميلير ويث]:

[إإكسو] "[إإكس-ووركس]"

يسلّم البائعة عندما هو يضع البضائع في التصرف من المشترية في البائعة فرضيات أو آخر يعيّن مكان ([إي.]. لا أخلى أعمال, مصنع, مستودع, [إتك.]) لتصدير ولا يحمّل على أيّ يجمع عربة. يمثّل هذا عبارة لذلك الإلتزام أدنى للبائعة, والمشترية يضطرّ حملت كلّ تكاليف وأخطار يتضمّن في يأخذ البضائع من البائعة فرضيات.

[فك] "شركة نقل جويّ حرّة"

يسلّم البائعة البضائع, يخلى لتصدير, إلى الشركة نقل جويّ يعيّن بالمشترية في ال يعيّن مكان. هو سوفت كنت لاحظت أنّ يتلقّى ال يختار [بلس وف دليفري] تأثير صدمة على الإلتزامات من تحميل ويفرّغ البضائع في أنّ مكان. إن تسليم يقع في البائعة فرضيات, البائعة مسؤولة لتحميل. إن تسليم يقع في أيّ أخرى مكان, ليس البائعة مسؤولة ل يفرّغ. هذا عبارة يمكن كنت استعملت [إيرّسبكتيف وف] الأسلوب النقل, بما في ذلك نقل متعدّد أنماط.

"يعني شركة نقل جويّ" [أني برسن] الذي, في [كنتركت وف كرّيج], ب قام أن ينجز أو أن يحصل الأداء النقل بسكّة حديديّة, طريق, هواء, بحر, [إينلند وتروي] أو بإدماج من هذا أساليب.

إن المشترية يعيّن شخص غير شركة نقل جويّ أن يستلم البضائع, اعتبرت البائعة أن يتلقّى أنجزت إلتزامه أن يسلّم البضائع عندما هم سلّمت إلى أنّ شخص.

[فس] "[فر لونغسد شيب]"

يسلّم البائعة عندما البضائع يكون وضعت إلى جانب المرجل في ال يعيّن [بورت وف شيبمنت]. هذا يعني أنّ المشترية يضطرّ حملت كلّ تكاليف وأخطار من خسارة أو إتلاف من البضائع من أنّ عزم. ال [فس] يتطلّب عبارة البائعة أن يخلي البضائع لتصدير.

FOB “Free on Board”

The seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s call at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that point. The FOB term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. This term can be used only for sea or inland waterway transport. Many people use either FOB or CIF and aren’t sure of the exact differences. SourceJuice wrote an article To FOB of CIF That is The Question which may be of assistance.

CFR “Cost and Freight”

The seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail in the port of shipment. The seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination but the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time of delivery, are transferred from the seller to the buyer. The CFR term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.

CIF “Cost Insurance and Freight”

The seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail in the port of shipment. The seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination, but the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time of delivery, are transferred from the seller to the buyer.

However, with CIF the seller also has to procure marine insurance against the buyer’s risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. Consequently, the seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium. The buyer should note that under the CIF term the seller is required to obtain insurance only on minimum coverage. Should the buyer wish to have protection of greater coverage, he would either need to agree as much expressly with the seller or to make his own extra insurance arrangements.

The CIF term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. This term can be used only for sea and inland waterway transport. If the parties do not intend to deliver the goods across the ship’s rail, the CIP term should be used.

CIP “Carriage and Insurance paid to…”

The seller delivers the goods to the carrier nominated by him but the seller must in addition pay the cost of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named destination. This means that the buyer bears all risks and any additional costs occurring after the goods have been delivered. However, in CIP the seller also has to procure insurance against the buyer’s risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage.

Consequently, the seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium. The buyer should note that under the CIP term the seller is required to obtain insurance only on minimum coverage. Should the buyer wish to have the protection of greater cover, he would either need to agree as much expressly with the seller or to make his own extra insurance arrangements.

“Carrier” means any person who, in a contract of carriage, undertakes to perform or to procure the performance of transportation by rail, road, air, sea, inland waterway or by a combination of such modes.

If subsequent carriers are used for the carriage to the agreed destination, the risk passes when the goods have been delivered to the first carrier. The CIP term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.

CPT “Carriage paid to…”

The seller delivers the goods to the carrier nominated by him but the seller must in addition pay the cost of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named destination. This means that the buyer bears all risks and any other costs occurring after the goods have been so delivered.

‘Carrier” means any person who, in a contract of carriage, undertakes to perform or to procure the performance of transport, by rail, road, air, sea, inland waterway or by a combination of such modes.

If subsequent carriers are used for the carriage to the agreed destination, the risk passes when the goods have been delivered to the first carrier, The CPT term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.

DAF “Delivered at Frontier”

The seller delivers when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport not unloaded, cleared for export, but not cleared for import at the named point and place at the frontier, but before the customs border of the adjoining country. The term “frontier” may be used for any frontier including that of the country of export. Therefore, it is of vital importance that the frontier in question be defined precisely by always naming the point and place in the term.

However, if the parties wish the seller to be responsible for the unloading of the goods from the arriving means of transport and to bear the risks and costs of unloading, this should be made clear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the contract of sale.

DES “Delivered Ex Ship”

means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on board the ship not cleared for import at the named port of destination. The seller has to bear all the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods to the named port of destination before discharging. If the parties wish the seller to bear the costs and risks of discharging the goods, then the DEQ term should be used.

This term can be used only when the goods are to be delivered by see or Inland waterway or multimodal transport on a vessel in the port of destination.

DEQ “Delivered Ex Quay”

The seller delivers when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer not cleared for import on the quay (wharf) at the named port of destination. The seller has to bear costs and risks involved in bringing the goods to the named port of destination and discharging the goods on the quay (wharf). The DEQ term requires the buyer to clear the goods for import and to pay for all formalities, duties, taxes and other charges upon import.

If the parties wish to include in the seller’s obligations all or part of the costs payable upon import of the goods this should be made cear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the contract of sale.

This term can be used only when the goods are to be delivered by sea or inland waterway or multimodal transport on discharging from a vessel onto the quay (wharf) in the port of destination. However if the parties wish to include in the seller’s obligations the risks and costs of the handling of the goods from the quay to another place (warehouse, terminal, transport station, etc.) in or outside the port, the DDU or DDP terms should be used.

DDU “Delivered Duty Unpaid”

The seller delivers the goods to the buyer, not cleared for import, and not unloaded from any arriving means of transport at the named place of destination. The seller has to bear the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods thereto, other than, where applicable, any “duty” (which term includes the responsibility for and the risks of the carrying out of customs formalities, and the payment of formalities, customs dudes, taxes and other charges) for import in the country of destination. Such “duty” has to be borne by the buyer as well as any costs and risks caused by his failure to clear the goods for import in time. However, if the parties wish the seller to carry out customs formalities and bear the costs and risks resulting there from as well as some of the costs payable upon import of the goods should be made clear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the contract of sale.

DDP “Delivered Duty Paid”

The seller delivers the goods to the buyer, cleared for import, and not unloaded from any arriving means of transport at the named place of destination. The seller has to bear all the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods thereto including, where applicable, any “duty” (which term includes the responsibility for and the risks of the carrying out of customs formalities and the payment of formalities, customs duties, taxes and other charges) for import in the country of destination.

Whilst the EXW term represents the minimum obligation for the seller, DDP represents the maximum obligation. This term should not be used if the seller is unable directly or indirectly to obtain the import licence. However, if the parties wish to exclude from the seller’s obligations some of the costs payable upon import of the goods (such as value-added tax : VAT), this should be made cear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the contract of sale. If the parties wish the buyer to bear all risks and costs of the import, the DDU term should be used.

To help you find the appropriate Incoterm for your situation, have a look at BusinessLink’s interactive guide.

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One Response to “Incoterms Definitions - the basics to the advanced”

  1. fob terms on July 29th, 2008 2:55 am

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