Incoterms Sk�ring the undirst��u��ttir til the h��r�a�ur

Incoterms ( al�j��legur Augl�sing Skilm�lar) ert a r�� af al�j��legur velta skilm�lar v��a nota�ur �t � gegn the ver�ld. �eir �tsk�ra peninga- framkv�md og hlutverk �byrg� fyrir b��ir hli� af the al�j��legur vi�skipti kaupandi og seljandi framkv�md. The tilgangur af standardized incoterms er til �kve�a �tflutningur og innflutningur hreinsun �byrg�, hver er owning the h�tta � fyrir the �stand af the vara � hvor leiksvi� � the flutningur a�fer�, og hver er �byrgur fyrir paying fyrir hva�a.

H�r er the br��lega af Incoterms og sk�ring fr� the Al�j��legur Verslunarr�� �essi �� �xl vera kunnuglegur me�:

EXW “Ex Verksmi�ja

The seljandi bera �t hven�r hann sta�ur the eigur � the losun af the kaupandi � the seljandi’ forsenda e�a annar nafndagur sta�ur (i.e. verksmi�ja, verksmi�ja, v�rugeymsla, etc.) ekki bjartur fyrir �tflutningur og ekki hla�inn � allir sem h�gt er a� safna saman �kut�ki. This or� svona koma fram fyrir h�nd the l�gmark skylda fyrir the seljandi, og the kaupandi hefur til bj�rn allur kostna�ur og h�tta � fl�kinn � hr�fandi the eigur fr� the seljandi’ forsenda.

FCA “ frj�ls Flutningsa�ili”

The seljandi bera �t the eigur, bjartur fyrir �tflutningur, til the flutningsa�ili �tnefna vi� the kaupandi � the nafndagur sta�ur. �a� �xl vera �ekktur �essi the �tvalinn sta�ur af sending hefur ��kve�inn greinir � ensku �rekstur � the skylda af hle�sla og afferma the eigur �ar a� auki sta�ur. Ef sending eiga s�r sta� � the seljandi’ forsenda, the seljandi er �byrgur fyrir hle�sla. Ef sending eiga s�r sta� � allir annar sta�ur, the seljandi er ekki �byrgur fyrir afferma. This or� mega vera nota�ur �n tillits til af the h�ttur af flutningur, a� me�t�ldum multimodal flutningur.

“flutningsa�ili” lei� allir manneskja hver, � a samningur af hestvagn, hefjast handa vi� til framkv�ma e�a til �tvega the flutningur af flutningur vi� teinn, vegur, loft, sj�r, sem er innarlega � landi e�a fylki siglingalei� e�a vi� a samsetning af svo sem h�verskur.

Ef the kaupandi �tnefna a manneskja annar en a flutningsa�ili til taka � m�ti the eigur, the seljandi er �l�ta til hafa fulln�gja hans skylda til bera �t the eigur hven�r �eir ert frelsari til �essi manneskja.

FAS “Free Vi� hli�ina � Skip

The seljandi bera �t hven�r the eigur ert be placed vi� hli�ina � the �l�t � the nafndagur h�fn af v�rusending. This lei� �essi the kaupandi hefur til bj�rn allur kostna�ur og h�tta � af tap e�a ska�i af the eigur fr� �essi augnablik. The FAS or� �urfa the seljandi til bjartur the eigur fyrir �tflutningur.

LEI�A HJ� S�R “ frj�ls � Bor�

The seljandi bera �t hven�r the eigur fara framhj� the allt kl�rt’ kalla � the nafndagur h�fn af v�rusending. This lei� �essi the kaupandi hefur til bj�rn allur kostna�ur og h�tta � af tap af e�a ska�i til the eigur fr� �essi benda. The LEI�A HJ� S�R or� �urfa the seljandi til bjartur the eigur fyrir �tflutningur. This or� geta vera nota�ur eini fyrir sj�r e�a sem er innarlega � landi e�a fylki siglingalei� flutningur. Margir f�lk nota annar hvor LEI�A HJ� S�R e�a CIF og stytting � are not e�a am not’ viss af the n�kv�mur mismunur. SourceJuice fullur br��i ��kve�inn greinir � ensku hluturTil LEI�A HJ� S�R af CIF �essi er The Spurning hver mega vera af a�sto�.

CFR “ kostna�ur og Fragt”

The seljandi bera �t hven�r the eigur fara framhj� the allt kl�rt’ teinn � the h�fn af v�rusending. The seljandi ver�a borga the kostna�ur og fragt nau�synlegur til koma me� the eigur til the nafndagur h�fn af �kv�r�unarsta�ur en the h�tta � af tap af e�a ska�i til the eigur, eins og heilbrig�ur eins og allir vi�b�tar- kostna�ur s�kum atbur�ur vi�bur�ur eftir � the t�mi af sending, ert transferr�n fr� the seljandi til the kaupandi. The CFR or� �urfa the seljandi til bjartur the eigur fyrir �tflutningur.

CIF “Cost �byrg� og Fragt”

The seljandi bera �t hven�r the eigur fara framhj� the allt kl�rt’ teinn � the h�fn af v�rusending. The seljandi ver�a borga the kostna�ur og fragt nau�synlegur til koma me� the eigur til the nafndagur h�fn af �kv�r�unarsta�ur, en the h�tta � af tap af e�a ska�i til the eigur, eins og heilbrig�ur eins og allir vi�b�tar- kostna�ur s�kum atbur�ur vi�bur�ur eftir � the t�mi af sending, ert transferr�n fr� the seljandi til the kaupandi.

Hvernig sem, me� CIF the seljandi einnig hefur til �tvega sj�v�trygging aftur the buyer’s h�tta � af tap af e�a ska�i til the eigur � me�an the hestvagn. �ess vegna, the seljandi samningur fyrir �byrg� og pays the v�tryggingari�gjald. The kaupandi �xl minnispunktur �essi undir the CIF or� the seljandi er �urfa til f� �byrg� eini � l�gmark umfang. �xl the kaupandi vilja til hafa verndun af mikill umfang, hann vildi annar hvor ��rf til sam�ykkja eins og mikill sk�rt me� the seljandi e�a til gera hans eiga auka�j�nusta �byrg� ni�urr��un.

The CIF or� �urfa the seljandi til bjartur the eigur fyrir �tflutningur. This or� geta vera nota�ur eini fyrir sj�r og sem er innarlega � landi e�a fylki siglingalei� flutningur. Ef the ekki algj�r gera ekki �tla til bera �t the eigur yfir the allt kl�rt’ teinn, the CIP or� �xl vera nota�ur.

CIP “ hestvagn og �byrg� greiddur til…”

The seljandi bera �t the eigur til the flutningsa�ili �tnefna vi� hann en the seljandi ver�a � samlagning borga the kostna�ur af hestvagn nau�synlegur til koma me� the eigur til the nafndagur �kv�r�unarsta�ur. This lei� �essi the kaupandi bjarnarfeldur allur h�tta � og allir vi�b�tar- kostna�ur vi�bur�ur eftir � the eigur hafa been frelsari. Hvernig sem, � CIP the seljandi einnig hefur til �tvega �byrg� aftur the kaupandi’ h�tta � af tap af e�a ska�i til the eigur � me�an the hestvagn.

�ess vegna, the seljandi samningur fyrir �byrg� og pays the v�tryggingari�gjald. The kaupandi �xl minnispunktur �essi undir the CIP or� the seljandi er �urfa til f� �byrg� eini � l�gmark umfang. �xl the kaupandi vilja til hafa the verndun af mikill k�pa, hann vildi annar hvor ��rf til sam�ykkja eins og mikill sk�rt me� the seljandi e�a til gera hans eiga auka�j�nusta �byrg� ni�urr��un.

“flutningsa�ili” lei� allir manneskja hver, � a samningur af hestvagn, hefjast handa vi� til framkv�ma e�a til �tvega the flutningur af flutningur vi� teinn, vegur, loft, sj�r, sem er innarlega � landi e�a fylki siglingalei� e�a vi� a samsetning af svo sem h�verskur.

Ef s��ari flutningsa�ili ert nota�ur fyrir the hestvagn til the umsaminn �kv�r�unarsta�ur, the h�tta � fara framhj� hven�r the eigur hafa been frelsari til the fyrstur flutningsa�ili. The CIP or� �urfa the seljandi til bjartur the eigur fyrir �tflutningur.

CPT “Carriage greiddur til…”

The seljandi bera �t the eigur til the flutningsa�ili �tnefna vi� hann en the seljandi ver�a � samlagning borga the kostna�ur af hestvagn nau�synlegur til koma me� the eigur til the nafndagur �kv�r�unarsta�ur. This lei� �essi the kaupandi bjarnarfeldur allur h�tta � og allir annar kostna�ur vi�bur�ur eftir � the eigur hafa been svo frelsari.

‘flutningsa�ili” lei� allir manneskja hver, � a samningur af hestvagn, hefjast handa vi� til framkv�ma e�a til �tvega the flutningur af flutningur, vi� teinn, vegur, loft, sj�r, sem er innarlega � landi e�a fylki siglingalei� e�a vi� a samsetning af svo sem h�verskur.

Ef s��ari flutningsa�ili ert nota�ur fyrir the hestvagn til the umsaminn �kv�r�unarsta�ur, the h�tta � fara framhj� hven�r the eigur hafa been frelsari til the fyrstur flutningsa�ili, The CPT or� �urfa the seljandi til bjartur the eigur fyrir �tflutningur.

DAF “ frelsari � Landam�ri”

The seljandi bera �t hven�r the eigur ert be placed � the losun af the kaupandi � the koma lei� af flutningur ekki afferma, bjartur fyrir �tflutningur, en ekki bjartur fyrir innflutningur � the nafndagur benda og sta�ur � the landam�ri, en ��ur the tollur br�n af the a�liggjandi land. The or� “ landam�ri” mega vera nota�ur fyrir allir landam�ri a� me�t�ldum �essi af the land af �tflutningur. �ess vegna, �a� er af l�fsnau�synlegur mikilv�gi �essi the frontier in question be defined precisely by always naming the point and place in the term.

However, if the parties wish the seller to be responsible for the unloading of the goods from the arriving means of transport and to bear the risks and costs of unloading, this should be made clear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the contract of sale.

DES “Delivered Ex Ship”

means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on board the ship not cleared for import at the named port of destination. The seller has to bear all the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods to the named port of destination before discharging. If the parties wish the seller to bear the costs and risks of discharging the goods, then the DEQ term should be used.

This term can be used only when the goods are to be delivered by see or Inland waterway or multimodal transport on a vessel in the port of destination.

DEQ “Delivered Ex Quay”

The seller delivers when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer not cleared for import on the quay (wharf) at the named port of destination. The seller has to bear costs and risks involved in bringing the goods to the named port of destination and discharging the goods on the quay (wharf). The DEQ term requires the buyer to clear the goods for import and to pay for all formalities, duties, taxes and other charges upon import.

If the parties wish to include in the seller’s obligations all or part of the costs payable upon import of the goods this should be made cear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the contract of sale.

This term can be used only when the goods are to be delivered by sea or inland waterway or multimodal transport on discharging from a vessel onto the quay (wharf) in the port of destination. However if the parties wish to include in the seller’s obligations the risks and costs of the handling of the goods from the quay to another place (warehouse, terminal, transport station, etc.) in or outside the port, the DDU or DDP terms should be used.

DDU “Delivered Duty Unpaid”

The seller delivers the goods to the buyer, not cleared for import, and not unloaded from any arriving means of transport at the named place of destination. The seller has to bear the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods thereto, other than, where applicable, any “duty” (which term includes the responsibility for and the risks of the carrying out of customs formalities, and the payment of formalities, customs dudes, taxes and other charges) for import in the country of destination. Such “duty” has to be borne by the buyer as well as any costs and risks caused by his failure to clear the goods for import in time. However, if the parties wish the seller to carry out customs formalities and bear the costs and risks resulting there from as well as some of the costs payable upon import of the goods should be made clear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the contract of sale.

DDP “Delivered Duty Paid”

The seller delivers the goods to the buyer, cleared for import, and not unloaded from any arriving means of transport at the named place of destination. The seller has to bear all the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods thereto including, where applicable, any “duty” (which term includes the responsibility for and the risks of the carrying out of customs formalities and the payment of formalities, customs duties, taxes and other charges) for import in the country of destination.

Whilst the EXW term represents the minimum obligation for the seller, DDP represents the maximum obligation. This term should not be used if the seller is unable directly or indirectly to obtain the import licence. However, if the parties wish to exclude from the seller’s obligations some of the costs payable upon import of the goods (such as value-added tax : VAT), this should be made cear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the contract of sale. If the parties wish the buyer to bear all risks and costs of the import, the DDU term should be used.

To help you find the appropriate Incoterm for your situation, have a look at BusinessLink’s interactive guide.

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